Between 18, the pope had no physical territory at all. After 1861, the Papal States, reduced to Lazio, continued to exist until 1870. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. ![]() ![]() ![]() They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. The Papal States were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870.
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